Ladnyj ID, Ziegler P, Kima E. A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bull World Health Organ. 1972;46:593–7.
Google Scholar
von Magnus P, Andersen EA, Petersen KB, Birch-Andersen A. A pox-like disease in cynomolgus monkeys. Acta Path Microbiol Scand. 1959;46:156–76.
Google Scholar
Bunge EM, Hoet B, Chen L, Lienert F, Weidenthaler H, Baer LR, et al. The changing epidemiology of human monkeypox-A potential threat? A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16:e0010141.
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monkeypox. 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/monkeypox/index.html.
Public Health England. Monkeypox case confirmed in England 2019. 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/monkeypox-case-confirmed-in-england.
Yong SEF, Ng OT, Ho ZJM, Mak TM, Marimuthu K, Vasoo S, et al. Imported monkeypox, Singapore. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:1826–30.
Google Scholar
2022-23 Mpox Outbreak: Global Trends. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox–external-situation-report-32–30-april-2024.
ECDC. Epidemiological update: monkeypox outbreak. 2022. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/newsevents/epidemiological-updatemonkeypox-outbreak.
Smith GL, Vanderplasschen A, Law M. The formation and function of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus. J Gen Virol. 2002;83:2915–31.
Google Scholar
Petersen E, Kantele A, Koopmans M, Asogun D, Yinka-Ogunleye A, Ihekweazu C, et al. Human Monkeypox: Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019;33:1027–43.
Google Scholar
Yu X, Shi H, Cheng G. Mpox Virus: Its Molecular Evolution and Potential Impact on Viral Epidemiology. Viruses. 2023;15:995.
Google Scholar
Zhang F, Meng X, Townsend MB, Satheshkumar PS, Xiang Y. Identification of CP77 as the Third Orthopoxvirus SAMD9 and SAMD9L Inhibitor with Unique Specificity for a Rodent SAMD9L. J Virol. 2019;93:e00225-19.
Google Scholar
Petersen BW, Damon IK. Orthopoxviruses: vaccinia (smallpox vaccine), variola (smallpox), monkeypox, and cowpox. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ (eds). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 9th ed. pp 1809–17, (Elsevier, Philedphia, 2020).
Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Hansen SG, Strelow LI, Nelson JA, Sexton GJ, et al. Duration of antiviral immunity after smallpox vaccination. Nat Med. 2003;9:1131–7.
Google Scholar
Hammarlund E, Lewis MW, Carter SV, Amanna I, Hansen SG, Strelow LI, et al. Multiple diagnostic techniques identify previously vaccinated individuals with protective immunity against monkeypox. Nat Med. 2005;11:1005–11.
Google Scholar
Reynolds MG, Doty JB, McCollum AM, Olson VA, Nakazawa Y. Monkeypox re-emergence in Africa: a call to expand the concept and practice of One Health. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17:129–39.
Google Scholar
Titanji BK, Tegomoh B, Nematollahi S, Konomos M, Kulkarni PA. Monkeypox: A Contemporary Review for Healthcare Professionals. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9:ofac310.
Google Scholar
Nakoune E, Lampaert E, Ndjapou SG, Janssens C, Zuniga I, Van Herp M, et al. A Nosocomial Outbreak of Human Monkeypox in the Central African Republic. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4:ofx168.
Google Scholar
Beeson A, Styczynski A, Hutson CL, Whitehill F, Angelo KM, Minhaj FS, et al. Mpox respiratory transmission: the state of the evidence. Lancet Microbe. 2023;4:e277–e283.
Google Scholar
Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, Rockstroh J, Antinori A, Harrison LB, et al. Monkeypox Virus Infection in Humans across 16 Countries – April-June 2022. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:679–91.
Google Scholar
Patel A, Bilinska J, Tam JCH, Da Silva Fontoura D, Mason CY, Daunt A, et al. Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series. BMJ. 2022;378:e072410.
Google Scholar
Lapa D, Carletti F, Mazzotta V, Matusali G, Pinnetti C, Meschi S, et al. Monkeypox virus isolation from a semen sample collected in the early phase of infection in a patient with prolonged seminal viral shedding. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:1267–9.
Google Scholar
Jacobs JW, Filkins L, Booth GS, Adkins BD. The potential impact of monkeypox infection and vaccination on blood donor deferrals and the blood supply. Br J Haematol. 2022;199:443–6.
Google Scholar
Reynolds MG, Yorita KL, Kuehnert MJ, Davidson WB, Huhn GD, Holman RC, et al. Clinical manifestations of human monkeypox influenced by route of infection. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:773–80.
Google Scholar
Mitjà O, Alemany A, Marks M, Lezama Mora JI, Rodríguez-Aldama JC, Torres Silva MS, et al. Mpox in people with advanced HIV infection: a global case series. Lancet. 2023;401:939–49.
Google Scholar
Saldana CS, Kelley CF, Aldred BM, Cantos VD. Mpox and HIV: a Narrative Review. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2023;13:1–9.
American Academy of Dermatology. Monkeypox: Caring for skin. 2022. https://www.aad.org/member/clinical-quality/clinical-care/mpox/treatment.
CDC. Clinical Considerations for Pain Management of Mpox. 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/clinicians/pain-management.html.
DeLaurentis CE, Kiser J, Zucker J. New Perspectives on Antimicrobial Agents: Tecovirimat for Treatment of Human Monkeypox Virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2022;66:e0122622.
Google Scholar
TPOXX full prescribing information. 2021. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/208627s006lbl.pdf.
Jordan R, Chinsangaram J, Bolken TC, Tyavanagimatt SR, Tien D, Jones KF, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of the antiorthopoxvirus compound ST-246 following repeat oral dosing in healthy adult subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:2560–6.
Google Scholar
Chinsangaram J, Honeychurch KM, Tyavanagimatt SR, Leeds JM, Bolken TC, Jones KF, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of the anti-orthopoxvirus compound ST-246 following a single daily oral dose for 14 days in human volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:4900–5.
Google Scholar
Alarcón J, Kim M, Terashita D, Davar K, Garrigues JM, Guccione JP, et al. An Mpox-Related Death in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:1246–7.
Google Scholar
McLean J, Stoeckle K, Huang S, Berardi J, Gray B, Glesby MJ, et al. Tecovirimat Treatment of People with HIV During the 2022 Mpox Outbreak: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176:642–8.
Google Scholar
Hermanussen L, Brehm TT, Wolf T, Boesecke C, Schlabe S, Borgans F, et al. Tecovirimat for the treatment of severe Mpox in Germany. Infection. 2023;51:1563–8.
Google Scholar
O’Laughlin K, Tobolowsky FA, Elmor R, Overton R, O’Connor SM, Damon IK, et al. Clinical Use of Tecovirimat (Tpoxx) for Treatment of Monkeypox Under an Investigational New Drug Protocol – United States, May-August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:1190–5.
Google Scholar
Hutson CL, Kondas AV, Mauldin MR, Doty JB, Grossi IM, Morgan CN, et al. Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of a Potential Smallpox Therapeutic, Brincidofovir, in a Lethal Monkeypox Virus Animal Model. mSphere. 2021;6:e00927–20.
Google Scholar
Raccagni AR, Candela C, Bruzzesi E, Mileto D, Canetti D, Rizzo A, et al. Real-life use of cidofovir for the treatment of severe monkeypox cases. J Med Virol. 2023;95:e28218.
Google Scholar
Moschese D, Giacomelli A, Beltrami M, Pozza G, Mileto D, Reato S, et al. Hospitalisation for monkeypox in Milan, Italy. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2022;49:102417.
Google Scholar
Stafford A, Rimmer S, Gilchrist M, Sun K, Davies EP, Waddington CS, et al. Use of cidofovir in a patient with severe mpox and uncontrolled HIV infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023;23:e218–e226.
Google Scholar
Sobral-Costas TG, Escudero-Tornero R, Servera-Negre G, Bernardino JI, Gutiérrez Arroyo A, Díaz-Menéndez M, et al. Human monkeypox outbreak: Epidemiological data and therapeutic potential of topical cidofovir in a prospective cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023;88:1074–82.
Google Scholar
Rao AK, Schrodt CA, Minhaj FS, Waltenburg MA, Cash-Goldwasser S, Yu Y, et al. Interim Clinical Treatment Considerations for Severe Manifestations of Mpox – United States, February 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72:232–43.
Google Scholar
Poland GA, Kennedy RB, Tosh PK. Prevention of monkeypox with vaccines: a rapid review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:e349–e358.
Google Scholar
Frey SE, Wald A, Edupuganti S, Jackson LA, Stapleton JT, El Sahly H, et al. Comparison of lyophilized versus liquid modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) formulations and subcutaneous versus intradermal routes of administration in healthy vaccinia-naïve subjects. Vaccine. 2015;33:5225–34.
Google Scholar
Agunbiade S, Burton F, Muirhead J, Whitlock GG, Girometti N. Clinical characteristics of mpox infection in individuals who received a first dose of modified vaccinia Ankara immunisation. Sex Transm Infect. 2023;99:198–9.
Google Scholar
Farrar JL, Lewis NM, Houck K, Canning M, Fothergill A, Payne AB, et al. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Mpox in Persons Who Had Previously Received 1 Dose of JYNNEOS Vaccine and in Unvaccinated Persons – 29 U.S. Jurisdictions, May 22-September 3, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71:1610–5.
Google Scholar
Wolff Sagy Y, Zucker R, Hammerman A, Markovits H, Arieh NG, Abu Ahmad W, et al. Real-world effectiveness of a single dose of mpox vaccine in males. Nat Med. 2023;29:748–52.
Google Scholar
Szkiela M, Wiszniewska M, Lipińska-Ojrzanowska A. Monkeypox (Mpox) and Occupational Exposure. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20:5087.
Google Scholar
Meister TL, Tao R, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Steinmann J, Timm J, et al. Efficient Inactivation of Monkeypox Virus by World Health Organization‒Recommended Hand Rub Formulations and Alcohols. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29:189–92.
Google Scholar
Meister TL, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Tao R, Müller L, Steinmann J, et al. Stability and inactivation of monkeypox virus on inanimate surfaces. J Infect Dis. 2023;228:1227–30.
Google Scholar
Kapmaz M, Uymaz DS, Ozcan G, Barlas T, Guney-Esken G, Manici M, et al. A complicated case of monkeypox and viral shedding characteristics. J Infect. 2023;86:66–117.
Google Scholar
